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新建分区，格式化分区，挂载分区：fdisk新建分区：
NAME fdisk - Partition table manipulator for Linux [root@centos6 ~]#fdisk /dev/sda Command (m for help): n //新建分区 First cylinder (5492-6528, default 5492): //使用默认起始柱面 Using default value 5492 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (5492-6528, default 6528): +5G //分区大小为5G Command (m for help): w //保存设置退出 The partition table has been altered! [root@centos6 ~]# [root@centos6 ~]#partx -a /dev/sda //新建分区后需要让内核重读分区表，这里需要执行两次 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 1 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 2 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 3 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 4 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 5 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 6 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 7 [root@centos6 ~]#lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sr0 11:0 1 3.7G 0 rom sda 8:0 0 50G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot ├─sda2 8:2 0 19.5G 0 part / ├─sda3 8:3 0 19.5G 0 part /data ├─sda4 8:4 0 31.5K 0 part ├─sda5 8:5 0 2G 0 part [SWAP] ├─sda6 8:6 0 343.5K 0 part └─sda7 8:7 0 5G 0 part //内核已识别到新建的分区mke2fs：ext系列文件系统管理工具，格式化分区 -t {ext2|ext3|ext4}： 指定文件系统 -b {1024|2048|4096}： 指定分区块大小 -L ： 指定分区卷标名 -m ： 指定分区预留空间百分比，默认为5
//格式化新建的分区为ext4格式，块大小为2048，卷标为‘mydata’，预留空间20%的分区 [root@centos6 ~]#mke2fs -t ext4 -b 2048 -L 'mydata' -m 20 /dev/sda7 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label=mydata OS type: Linux Block size=2048 (log=1) Fragment size=2048 (log=1) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 328440 inodes, 2625440 blocks 525088 blocks (20.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=540016640 161 block groups 16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group 2040 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816, 1327104, 2048000 Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 35 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override. [root@centos6 ~]# [root@centos6 ~]#tune2fs -l /dev/sda7 //查看分区具体信息 tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem volume name: mydata //卷标 Last mounted on: <not available> Filesystem UUID: 02bbf8a1-84a1-4d06-8bdf-b395dd40e7ff Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: (none) Filesystem state: clean Errors behavior: Continue Filesystem OS type: Linux Inode count: 328440 Block count: 2625440 Reserved block count: 525088 //预留空间525088/2625440=20% Free blocks: 2545609 Free inodes: 328429 First block: 0 Block size: 2048 //块大小 Fragment size: 2048 Reserved GDT blocks: 512 Blocks per group: 16384 Fragments per group: 16384 Inodes per group: 2040 Inode blocks per group: 255 Flex block group size: 16 Filesystem created: Sat May 25 14:44:07 2019 Last mount time: n/a Last write time: Sat May 25 14:44:08 2019 Mount count: 0 Maximum mount count: 35 Last checked: Sat May 25 14:44:07 2019 Check interval: 15552000 (6 months) Next check after: Thu Nov 21 14:44:07 2019 Lifetime writes: 145 MB Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 256 Required extra isize: 28 Desired extra isize: 28 Journal inode: 8 Default directory hash: half_md4 Directory Hash Seed: 787f19b5-5bca-4591-99fd-e4b2fefd1cb6 Journal backup: inode blocks [root@centos6 ~]#blkid /dev/sda7 //查看块设备属性 /dev/sda7: LABEL="mydata" UUID="02bbf8a1-84a1-4d06-8bdf-b395dd40e7ff" TYPE="ext4"mount：挂载分区 -r ： readonly,只读挂载 -w ：read and write，读写挂载 -L ： 以卷标方式指定设备 -o option： atime/noatime：文件和目录被访问时是否更新访问时间戳 async/sync： 异步IO/同步IO exec/noexec： 是否允许执行此设备上的二进制程序文件 remount： 重新挂载，不卸载的情况下重新挂载 acl ： 在此设备上是否支持facl，默认不支持 默认挂载选项： rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, async
[root@centos6 ~]#mkdir /mydata [root@centos6 ~]#mount -o noexec,noatime /dev/sda7 /mydata/ [root@centos6 ~]#mount /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) proc on /proc type proc (rw) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) /dev/sda3 on /data type ext4 (rw) none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) /dev/sda7 on /mydata type ext4 (rw,noexec,noatime) //显示已挂载成功开机自动挂载：在/etc/fstab配置文件中修改数据，开启就能自动挂载
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创建swap分区，并启动fdisk新建分区
[root@centos6 ~]#fdisk /dev/sda Command (m for help): n //新建分区 First cylinder (6146-6528, default 6146): Using default value 6146 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (6146-6528, default 6528): +1G //分区大小1G Command (m for help): t //修改分区id,swap分区id为82，可以输入'l'查看 Partition number (1-8): 8 Hex code (type L to list codes): 82 Changed system type of partition 8 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris) Command (m for help): w //保存设置退出 The partition table has been altered! [root@centos6 ~]#partx -a /dev/sda //把分区表重新加载到内核 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 1 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 2 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 3 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 4 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 5 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 6 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 7 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 8 [root@centos6 ~]#lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sr0 11:0 1 3.7G 0 rom sda 8:0 0 50G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot ├─sda2 8:2 0 19.5G 0 part / ├─sda3 8:3 0 19.5G 0 part /data ├─sda4 8:4 0 31.5K 0 part ├─sda5 8:5 0 2G 0 part [SWAP] ├─sda6 8:6 0 343.5K 0 part ├─sda7 8:7 0 5G 0 part /mydata └─sda8 8:8 0 1G 0 part //新建分区内核已设备 [root@centos6 ~]#mkswap格式化分区
[root@centos6 ~]#mkswap /dev/sda8 Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1060252 KiB no label, UUID=bc7769b6-6132-4025-83e7-5fd8fe7f8e4f [root@centos6 ~]#blkid /dev/sda8 /dev/sda8: UUID="bc7769b6-6132-4025-83e7-5fd8fe7f8e4f" TYPE="swap" [root@centos6 ~]#激活swap分区： swapon： 激活swap分区 swapoff： 禁用swap分区
[root@centos6 ~]#swapon /dev/sda8 [root@centos6 ~]#lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sr0 11:0 1 3.7G 0 rom sda 8:0 0 50G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot ├─sda2 8:2 0 19.5G 0 part / ├─sda3 8:3 0 19.5G 0 part /data ├─sda4 8:4 0 31.5K 0 part ├─sda5 8:5 0 2G 0 part [SWAP] ├─sda6 8:6 0 343.5K 0 part ├─sda7 8:7 0 5G 0 part /mydata └─sda8 8:8 0 1G 0 part [SWAP] //swap分区已被激活 [root@centos6 ~]#*********************************************************************************************************************脚本实现：给脚本传入一个文件名，计算此文件第10行和第20行id号之和：
[root@centos6 test]#vi test.sh 1 #!/bin/bash 2 # 3 # 4 5 if [ $# -ne 1 ];then #未给脚本传入参数或者参数多于1个时报错退出 6 echo 'no file' 7 exit 1 8 fi 9 10 if ! [ -f $1 ];then #传入的文件不存在或者不是普通文件时报错退出 11 echo 'not file.' 12 exit 1 13 fi 14 15 testnum=$(head -20 $1 | wc -l) #判断给的文件是否至少有20行 16 17 if [ $testnum -ge 20 ];then 18 num1=$(head -10 $1 | tail -1 | cut -d: -f3) 19 num2=$(head -20 $1 | tail -1 | cut -d: -f3) 20 let 'sum = num1 + num2' 21 else #文件没有20行时退出 22 echo "the file no 20 line." 23 exit 1 24 fi 25 26 echo "the 10-line and 20 line id sum is: $sum" 27*********************************************************************************************************************脚本实现：判断，当主机名为空或者为localhost时给主机名赋值为newname
#!/bin/bash 2 # 3 # 4 5 hostName=$(hostname) 6 #$hostName必须加引号，不然当hostName为空时，下面一行将会被解析为 #[ -z -o == 'localhost' ],然后报错加上引号则被解析为[ -z '' -o '' == 'localhost' ] #这里还可以写成 [ -z "$hostName" ] || [ "$hostName" == 'localhost' ] 7 if [ -z "$hostName" -o "$hostName" == 'localhost' ];then 8 hostname newname 9 fi*********************************************************************************************************************脚本实现：给脚本传入一个用户名，判断用户名id是奇数还是偶数：
1 #!/bin/bash 2 # 3 # 4 5 if [ $# -ne 1 ];then #未给脚本传入参数时报错退出 6 echo "input error." 7 exit 1 8 fi 9 10 id $1 11 12 if [ $? -eq 0 ];then #判断是否存在此用户名 13 num=$(id -u $1) 14 let 'i = num % 2' 15 if [ $i -eq 0 ];then 16 echo '偶数' 17 else 18 echo '奇数' 19 fi 20 else 21 echo 'no this user.' 22 exit 1 23 fi*********************************************************************************************************************LVM：Logical Volume Manager，逻辑卷管理 LVM的重点在于可以弹性的调整filesystem的容量，如此一来，整个磁盘空间的使用就具有了弹性！ LVM将一些零碎的磁盘分区（PV）合并成一个较大的磁盘（VG），然后再根据需要对整个较大的 磁盘（VG）进行划分成不同的小分区（LV），这些小分区（LV）是可以动态的扩展与缩小的。
LVM的实现，先创建PV： pvcreate： 将实体partition创建成为PV pvscan： 搜寻目前系统里面任何具有PV的磁盘 pvdisplay： 显示出目前系统上面的PV状态 pvremove： 将PV属性移除，让partition不再具有PV属性
Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000b767d Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 131 1048576 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 131 2681 20480000 83 Linux /dev/sda3 2681 5230 20480000 83 Linux /dev/sda4 5230 6528 10419200 5 Extended /dev/sda5 5231 5492 2097152 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda6 5230 5230 343+ 83 Linux /dev/sda7 5492 5753 2102141 8e Linux LVM #id为8e /dev/sda8 5754 6146 3156741 8e Linux LVM [root@newname ~]#pvcreate /dev/sda7 Physical volume "/dev/sda7" successfully created [root@newname ~]#pvcreate /dev/sda8 Physical volume "/dev/sda8" successfully created [root@newname ~]#pvdisplay "/dev/sda7" is a new physical volume of "2.00 GiB" --- NEW Physical volume --- PV Name /dev/sda7 VG Name PV Size 2.00 GiB Allocatable NO PE Size 0 Total PE 0 Free PE 0 Allocated PE 0 PV UUID qK5yjj-mhA9-XPg3-oGut-iKAh-LwgM-xz7EMf "/dev/sda8" is a new physical volume of "3.01 GiB" --- NEW Physical volume --- PV Name /dev/sda8 VG Name PV Size 3.01 GiB Allocatable NO PE Size 0 Total PE 0 Free PE 0 Allocated PE 0 PV UUID n6nVW2-R1kq-lyUN-NQHE-V6bf-lUZM-g3L9AW [root@newname ~]#创建VG： vgcreate： 创建VG vgscan： 搜寻系统上面是否有VG存在 vgdispaly： 显示目前系统上面的VG状态 vgextend： 在VG内添加额外的PV vgreduce： 在VG内移除PV vgchange： 配置VG是否启动 vgremove： 删除VG
[root@newname ~]#vgcreate test_vg /dev/sda7 /dev/sda8 Volume group "test_vg" successfully created [root@newname ~]#vgdisplay --- Volume group --- VG Name test_vg System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 2 Metadata Sequence No 1 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 0 Open LV 0 Max PV 0 Cur PV 2 Act PV 2 VG Size 5.01 GiB PE Size 4.00 MiB #PE未默认的4M Total PE 1282 Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0 Free PE / Size 1282 / 5.01 GiB VG UUID mFSOK3-X3S1-Ayns-qnCE-ATjC-RaJa-zitZmr创建LV： lvcreate： 创建LV lvscan：查询系统上面的LV lvdisplay： 显示系统上面LV的状态 lvextend： 在LV里面扩展容量 lvreduce： 在LV里面缩减容量 lvremove： 从VG中移除LV lvresize： 对LV进行容量大小调整
[root@newname ~]#lvcreate -L 1.5G -n lv1 test_vg Logical volume "lv1" created. [root@newname ~]#lvcreate -L 1G -n lv2 test_vg Logical volume "lv2" created. [root@newname ~]#lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/test_vg/lv1 LV Name lv1 VG Name test_vg LV UUID Ic3b3N-hpjR-ehoB-0lqM-T2DL-DsWi-TeLqij LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time newname, 2019-05-26 04:56:59 +0800 LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 1.50 GiB Current LE 384 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 253:0 --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/test_vg/lv2 LV Name lv2 VG Name test_vg LV UUID FfnDyL-Lrcv-f3hl-uP1q-L840-MtHu-ZawlXF LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time newname, 2019-05-26 04:57:15 +0800 LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 1.00 GiB Current LE 256 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 253:1 [root@newname ~]# [root@newname ~]#lvresize -L+1G test_vg/lv2 #增加lv2容量 Size of logical volume test_vg/lv2 changed from 1.00 GiB (256 extents) to 2.00 GiB (512 extents). Logical volume lv2 successfully resized. [root@newname ~]#lvresize -L-1G /dev/test_vg/lv2 #减小lv2容量 WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 1.00 GiB. THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.) Do you really want to reduce test_vg/lv2? [y/n]: y Size of logical volume test_vg/lv2 changed from 2.00 GiB (512 extents) to 1.00 GiB (256 extents). Logical volume lv2 successfully resized.要真正使用LVM还得格式化LV，并挂载。
扩容LVM：lvresize先扩容lv，然后resize2fs扩容文件系统 缩减LVM：先umount，resize2fs缩减文件系统，然后再lvresize LV
LVM还可以用 lvcreate -s 来创建快照
