MariaDB 是一个增强版的、开源的 MySQL 替代品。它主要由 MariaDB 社区在维护，采用 GPL v2 授权许可。软件的安全性是 MariaDB 开发者的主要焦点。他们保持为 MariaDB 的每个版本发布安全补丁。当有任何安全问题被发现时，开发者会尽快修复并推出 MariaDB 的新版本。
MariaDB 的优势
完全开源快速且透明的安全版本与 MySQL 高度兼容性能更好比 MySQL 的存储引擎多
在这篇文章中，我将谈论关于如何在 CentOS7 CPanel 服务器上升级 MySQL5.5 到最新的 MariaDB 。在安装前先完成以下步骤。
先决条件:
1. 停止当前 MySQL 服务
root@server1 [/var/]# mysqlWelcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.Your MySQL connection id is 5859Server version: 5.5.47-cll MySQL Community Server (GPL)Copyright (c) 2000, 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or itsaffiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respectiveowners.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.root@server1 [~]# systemctl stop mysqlroot@server1 [~]# systemctl status mysql● mysql.service - LSB: start and stop MySQLLoaded: loaded (/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysql)Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since Sun 2016-01-31 10:00:02 UTC; 1min 31s agoDocs: man:systemd-sysv-generator(8)Main PID: 23430 (code=exited, status=203/EXEC)Jan 31 10:00:02 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Started MySQL Server.Jan 31 10:00:02 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Starting MySQL Server...Jan 31 10:00:02 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: mysql.service: main process exited, code=exited, status=203/EXECJan 31 10:00:02 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Unit mysql.service entered failed state.Jan 31 10:00:02 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: mysql.service failed.
2. 在升级之前将所有配置文件和数据库转移
转移数据库的存储路径和 MySQL 的配置文件
root@server1 [~]# cp -Rf /var/lib/mysql /var/lib/mysql-oldroot@server1 [/var/lib/mysql]# cat /etc/my.cnf[mysqld]default-storage-engine=MyISAMinnodb_file_per_table=1max_allowed_packet=268435456open_files_limit=10000root@server1 [~]#mv /etc/my.cnf /etc/my.cnf-old
3. 从服务器上删除和卸载 MySQL 所有的 RPM 包
运行以下命令来禁用 MySQL RPM 的目标target。通过运行此命令，cPanel 将不再处理 MySQL 的更新，并在系统上将这些 RPM 版本标记为已卸载。
/scripts/update_local_rpm_versions --edit target_settings.MySQL50 uninstalled/scripts/update_local_rpm_versions --edit target_settings.MySQL51 uninstalled/scripts/update_local_rpm_versions --edit target_settings.MySQL55 uninstalled/scripts/update_local_rpm_versions --edit target_settings.MySQL56 uninstalled
现在运行以下命令：
/scripts/checkcpanelrpms --fix --targets=MySQL50,MySQL51,MySQL55,MySQL56
移除服务器上所有已有的 MySQL RPM 来为 MariaDB 的安装清理环境。请看下面的输出：
root@server1 [/var/lib/mysql]# /scripts/check_cpanel_rpms --fix --targets=MySQL50,MySQL51,MySQL55,MySQL56[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000][2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] Problems were detected with cPanel-provided files which are RPM controlled.[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] If you did not make these changes intentionally, you can correct them by running:[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000][2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] > /usr/local/cpanel/scripts/check_cpanel_rpms --fix[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000][2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] The following RPMs are unneeded on your system and should be uninstalled:[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] MySQL55-client-5.5.47-1.cp1148[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] MySQL55-devel-5.5.47-1.cp1148[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] MySQL55-server-5.5.47-1.cp1148[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] MySQL55-shared-5.5.47-1.cp1148[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] MySQL55-test-5.5.47-1.cp1148[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] compat-MySQL50-shared-5.0.96-4.cp1136[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] compat-MySQL51-shared-5.1.73-1.cp1150[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] Removing 0 broken rpms:[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] rpm: no packages given for erase[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] No new RPMS needed for install[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] Disabling service monitoring.[2016-01-31 09:54:01 +0000] Uninstalling unneeded rpms: MySQL55-test MySQL55-server MySQL55-client compat-MySQL51-shared compat-MySQL50-shared MySQL55-shared MySQL55-devel[2016-01-31 09:54:04 +0000] Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mysql.service.[2016-01-31 09:54:04 +0000] Restoring service monitoring.
通过这些步骤，我们已经卸载了现有的 MySQL RPM，并做了标记来防止 MySQL的更新，服务器的环境已经清理，然后准备安装 MariaDB。
开始安装吧，我们需要根据 CentOS 和 MariaDB 的版本为 MariaDB 创建一个 yum 软件库。下面是我的做法！
安装步骤：
第1步：创建 YUM 软件库。
root@server1 [~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/MariaDB.repo[mariadb]name = MariaDBbaseurl = http://yum.mariadb.org/10.0/centos7-amd64/gpgkey=https://yum.mariadb.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-MariaDBgpgcheck=1root@server1 [/etc/yum.repos.d]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/MariaDB.repo[mariadb]name = MariaDBbaseurl = http://yum.mariadb.org/10.0/centos7-amd64/gpgkey=https://yum.mariadb.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-MariaDBgpgcheck=1
第2步：打开 /etc/yum.conf 并修改如下行：
删除这一行：
exclude=courier* dovecot* exim* filesystem httpd* mod_ssl* mydns* mysql* nsd* php* proftpd* pure-ftpd* spamassassin* squirrelmail*
替换为：
exclude=courier* dovecot* exim* filesystem httpd* mod_ssl* mydns* nsd* proftpd* pure-ftpd* spamassassin* squirrelmail*
重要
需要确保我们已经从 exclude 列表中移除了 MySQL 和 PHP。
第3步：运行以下命令来安装 MariaDB 和相关的包。
root@server1 [~]#yum install MariaDB-server MariaDB-client MariaDB-devel php-mysqlDependencies Resolved===============================================================================================================================================Package Arch Version Repository Size===============================================================================================================================================Installing:MariaDB-client x86_64 10.0.23-1.el7.centos mariadb 10 MMariaDB-devel x86_64 10.0.23-1.el7.centos mariadb 6.3 MMariaDB-server x86_64 10.0.23-1.el7.centos mariadb 55 Mphp-mysql x86_64 5.4.16-36.el7_1 base 99 kInstalling for dependencies:MariaDB-common x86_64 10.0.23-1.el7.centos mariadb 43 kMariaDB-shared x86_64 10.0.23-1.el7.centos mariadb 1.2 Mlibzip x86_64 0.10.1-8.el7 base 48 kphp-common x86_64 5.4.16-36.el7_1 base 563 kphp-pdo x86_64 5.4.16-36.el7_1 base 97 kTransaction Summary===============================================================================================================================================Install 4 Packages (+5 Dependent package)
第4步：重新启动，并确保 MySQL 服务已启动。
root@server1 [~]# systemctl start mysqlroot@server1 [~]#root@server1 [~]#root@server1 [~]# systemctl status mysql● mysql.service - LSB: start and stop MySQLLoaded: loaded (/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysql)Active: active (exited) since Sun 2016-01-31 10:01:46 UTC; 3s agoDocs: man:systemd-sysv-generator(8)Process: 23717 ExecStart=/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysql start (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)Main PID: 23430 (code=exited, status=203/EXEC)Jan 31 10:01:46 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Starting LSB: start and stop MySQL...Jan 31 10:01:46 server1.centos7-test.com mysql[23717]: Starting MySQL SUCCESS!Jan 31 10:01:46 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Started LSB: start and stop MySQL.
第5步：运行 mysql_upgrade 命令。
它将检查所有数据库中的所有表与当前安装的版本是否兼容，并在必要时会更新系统表，以赋予当前版本新增加的权限或能力。
root@server1 [~]# mysql_upgradeMySQL upgrade detectedPhase 1/6: Checking and upgrading mysql databaseProcessing databasesmysqlmysql.columns_priv OKmysql.db OKmysql.event OKmysql.func OKmysql.help_category OKmysql.help_keyword OKmysql.help_relation OKmysql.help_topic OKmysql.host OKmysql.ndb_binlog_index OKmysql.plugin OKmysql.proc OKmysql.procs_priv OKmysql.proxies_priv OKmysql.servers OKmysql.tables_priv OKmysql.time_zone OKmysql.time_zone_leap_second OKmysql.time_zone_name OKmysql.time_zone_transition OKmysql.time_zone_transition_type OKmysql.user OKPhase 2/6: Fixing views from mysqlPhase 3/6: Running 'mysql_fix_privilege_tables'Phase 4/6: Fixing table and database namesPhase 5/6: Checking and upgrading tablesProcessing databasescphulkdcphulkd.auths OKcphulkd.blacklist OKcphulkd.brutes OKcphulkd.good_logins OKcphulkd.ip_lists OKcphulkd.known_netblocks OKcphulkd.login_track OKcphulkd.logins OKcphulkd.report OKcphulkd.whitelist OKeximstatseximstats.defers OKeximstats.failures OKeximstats.sends OKeximstats.smtp OKinformation_schemaleechprotectleechprotect.hits OKmodsecmodsec.hits OKperformance_schemaroundcuberoundcube.cache OKroundcube.cache_index OKroundcube.cache_messages OKroundcube.cache_shared OKroundcube.cache_thread OKroundcube.contactgroupmembers OKroundcube.contactgroups OKroundcube.contacts OKroundcube.cp_schema_version OKroundcube.dictionary OKroundcube.identities OKroundcube.searches OKroundcube.session OKroundcube.system OKroundcube.users OKsaheetha_testsaheetha_test.authors OKwhmxferwhmxfer.sessions OKPhase 6/6: Running 'FLUSH PRIVILEGES'OK
第6步：再次重新启动 MySQL 的服务，以确保一切都运行完好。
root@server1 [~]# systemctl restart mysqlroot@server1 [~]#root@server1 [~]# systemctl status mysql● mysql.service - LSB: start and stop MySQLLoaded: loaded (/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysql)Active: active (running) since Sun 2016-01-31 10:04:11 UTC; 9s agoDocs: man:systemd-sysv-generator(8)Process: 23831 ExecStop=/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysql stop (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)Process: 23854 ExecStart=/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysql start (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)Main PID: 23430 (code=exited, status=203/EXEC)CGroup: /system.slice/mysql.service├─23861 /bin/sh /usr/bin/mysqld_safe --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --pid-file=/var/lib/mysql/server1.centos7-test.com.pid└─23933 /usr/sbin/mysqld --basedir=/usr --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --plugin-dir=/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=/v...Jan 31 10:04:10 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Starting LSB: start and stop MySQL...Jan 31 10:04:11 server1.centos7-test.com mysql[23854]: Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!Jan 31 10:04:11 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Started LSB: start and stop MySQL.
第7步：运行 EasyApache，重建 Apache/PHP 以支持 MariaDB，并确保所有 PHP 的模块保持不变。
root@server1 [~]#/scripts/easyapache --build
重要
如果你在安装 MariaDB 之后忘记重建 Apache/PHP，将会报如下库错误：
root@server1 [/etc/my.cnf.d]# php -vphp: error while loading shared libraries: libmysqlclient.so.18: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
第8步：现在验证安装的程序和数据库。
root@server1 [/var/lib/mysql]# mysqlWelcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.Your MariaDB connection id is 15Server version: 10.0.23-MariaDB MariaDB ServerCopyright (c) 2000, 2015, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.MariaDB [(none)]> show storage engines;+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+| Engine | Support | Comment | Transactions | XA | Savepoints |+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+| CSV | YES | CSV storage engine | NO | NO | NO || MRG_MyISAM | YES | Collection of identical MyISAM tables | NO | NO | NO || MEMORY | YES | Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables | NO | NO | NO || BLACKHOLE | YES | /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears) | NO | NO | NO || MyISAM | YES | MyISAM storage engine | NO | NO | NO || InnoDB | DEFAULT | Percona-XtraDB, Supports transactions, row-level locking, and foreign keys | YES | YES | YES || ARCHIVE | YES | Archive storage engine | NO | NO | NO || FEDERATED | YES | FederatedX pluggable storage engine | YES | NO | YES || PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA | YES | Performance Schema | NO | NO | NO || Aria | YES | Crash-safe tables with MyISAM heritage | NO | NO | NO |+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
原文发布时间为：2016-06-14
本文来自云栖社区合作伙伴“Linux中国”
相关资源：敏捷开发V1.0.pptx
