直流电机及其控制

直流电机（DC machine）是指能将直流电能转换成机械能（直流电动机）或将机械能转换成直流电能（直流发电机）的旋转电机。它是能实现直流电能和机械能互相转换的电机。当它作电动机运行时是直流电动机，将电能转换为机械能；作发电机运行时是直流发电机，将机械能转换为电能。

讲解之前，先看看直流电机如何工作 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LAtPHANEfQo

直流电机主要由4个部分组成

Stator (定子) 直流电机运行时静止不动的部分称为定子，定子的主要作用是产生磁场，由机座、主磁极、换向极、端盖、轴承和电刷(brushes)装置等组成。

2. Rotor/ Armature （转子） 运行时转动的部分称为转子，其主要作用是产生电磁转矩和感应电动势，是直流电机进行能量转换的枢纽，所以通常又称为电枢，由转轴、电枢铁心、电枢绕组、换向器(commutator)和风扇等组成。 When these windings are energized they produce a magnetic field. The magnetic poles of this rotor field will be attracted to the opposite poles generated by the stator, causing the rotor to turn. As the motor turns, the windings are constantly being energized in a different sequence so that the magnetic poles generated by the rotor do not overrun the poles generated in the stator. This switching of the field in the rotor windings is called Commutation.

Brushed DC motors do not require a controller to switch current in the motor windings. Instead, it uses a mechanical commutation of the windings. A copper sleeve ( commutator ), resides on the axle of the rotor. As the motor turns, carbon brushes slide over the commutator, coming in contact with different segments of the commutator. The segments are attached to different rotor windings, therefore, a dynamic magnetic field is generated inside the motor when a voltage is applied across the brushes of the motor. The brushes and commutator are the parts of a brushed DC motor that are most prone to wear.

不同种类的直流电机

Permanent Magnet

Permanent magnet brushed DC motors are the most common. These motors use permanent magnets to produce the stator field. They are generally used in applications needing fractional horsepower such as; Toys, Radio Control hobby applications, electric slot cars, appliances, etc. It is more cost effective to use permanent magnets than wound stators because they are cheaper to manufacture. The torque from a permanent magnet brushed DC motor is limited by its stator field, which gives it good low end ( low speed ) torque and a limited high end ( high speed ) torque. The permanent magnet brushed DC motor responds very quickly to changes in voltage. This is due to its constant stator field, thus giving it good speed control capabilities. But, they do have a drawback. Permanent magnet brushed DC motors will loose their magnetic properties over time, thus degrading its stator field and causing the motors performance to decline.

Shunt -wound

Series - woundCompound - wound (Shunt + Series)

如何给DC motor 建模