【技术干货】听阿里云CDN安防技术专家金九讲tengine+lua开发

    xiaoxiao2021-04-17  200

    一、介绍 二、安装 三、运行 四、开发

    1. 介绍

    Tengine:轻量级、高性能、高并发、配置化、模块化、可扩展、可移植的Web和反向代理 服务器,Tengine是nginx超集,但做了很多优化,包含了很多比较有用的模块,比如直接包含了lua、proc等很有用的模块。

    Lua:一个很轻量级的 脚本,也号称性能最高的 脚本。代码总共不到600k,32个C文件,23个头文件:

    root@j9 ~/lua-5.1.5/src# du -sh ./ 572K ./ root@j9 ~/lua-5.1.5/src# ls *.c | wc -l 32 root@j9 ~/lua-5.1.5/src# ls *.h | wc -l 23 root@j9 ~/lua-5.1.5/src#

    可以非常容易的嵌入C和C++工程中,也比较容易与C和C++互动,这也是目前Lua主要的用法。ngx_lua:一个nginx很重要的第三方模块,作者:章亦春(agentzh、春哥),结合了nginx和Lua各自优点,把Lua嵌入nginx中,使其支持Lua来快速开发基于nginx下的业务逻辑。https://github.com/openresty/lua-nginx-module

    2. 安装

    2.1、LuaJIT

    wget -c http://luajit.org/download/LuaJIT-2.0.4.tar.gz tar xzvf LuaJIT-2.0.4.tar.gz cd LuaJIT-2.0.4 make install PREFIX=/usr/local/luajit #注意环境变量! export LUAJIT_LIB=/usr/local/luajit/lib export LUAJIT_INC=/usr/local/luajit/include/luajit-2.0

    2.2、Tengine

    tengine最新代码中已经包含lua模块了,直接git clone下来就可以

    git clone https://github.com/alibaba/tengine.git cd tengine ./configure --prefix=/opt/tengine --with-http_lua_module make make install

    如果是原生nginx的话,得自行下载lua模块代码:

    wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.7.8.tar.gz tar xvf nginx-1.7.8.tar.gz cd nginx-1.7.8 mkdir modules cd modules git clone https://github.com/openresty/lua-nginx-module.git cd .. ./configure --prefix=/opt/nginx --add-module=./modules/lua-nginx-module/ make make install

    3. 运行

    修改/opt/tengine/conf/nginx.conf:

    worker_processes 1; error_log logs/error.log; pid logs/nginx.pid; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; access_log logs/access.log main; sendfile on; keepalive_timeout 65; server { listen 80; server_name localhost; location / { root html; index index.html index.htm; } location /hello_lua { content_by_lua ' ngx.say("Lua: hello world!") '; } } }

    运行tengine:

    root@j9 ~/tengine# /opt/tengine/sbin/nginx

    curl访问一下hello_lua:

    root@j9 ~/tengine# curl http://localhost/hello_lua Lua: hello world!

    运行ok。

    4、开发

    语法 入门 深入

    4.1、语法

    参考:Lua简明教程Lua在线lua学习教程

    4.2、入门

    4.2.1、API

    ngx.print输出响应内容体;

    例如:ngx.print("a", "b", "c")

    ngx.say跟ngx.print的区别只是最后会多输出一个换行符;

    例如:ngx.say("a", "b", "c")

    ngx.status设置响应HTTP状态码;

    注意,设置状态码仅在响应头发送前有效。当调用ngx.say或者ngx.print时自动发送响应状态码(默认为200);可以通ngx.headers_sent来判断是否发送了响应状态码。例如:ngx.status = 200

    ngx.exit设置响应HTTP状态码并退出;

    注意,设置状态码仅在响应头发送前有效,并且该函数调用之后该函数后面的lua将被忽略掉,因为已经exit了。例如:ngx.exit(200)

    ngx.header输出响应头;

    注意,头部字段中含有横杠(-)的要转换成下划线(_),ngx_lua模块自动将_转换成-。例如:ngx.header["X-Cache"] = "HIT" 或者 ngx.header.X_Cache = "HIT"或者ngx.header.X_Cache = {"AA", "BB"}

    ngx.redirect301或者302重定向

    例如:ngx.redirect("http://www.taobao.org", 301)

    ngx.log打印nginx错误日志,日志级别有:ngx.STDERR、ngx.EMERG、ngx.ALERT、ngx.CRIT、ngx.ERR、ngx.WARN、ngx.NOTICE、ngx.INFO、ngx.DEBUG

    例如:ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "test: ", "ok")

    例子:

    server { listen 9898; location / { default_type "text/html"; content_by_lua ' local headers_sent_1 = ngx.headers_sent ngx.header["X-Cache"] = "HIT" ngx.header.Y_Cache = "MISS" ngx.header.Z_Cache = {"AA", "BB"} ngx.status = 602 local headers_sent_2 = ngx.headers_sent ngx.print("a", "b") local headers_sent_3 = ngx.headers_sent ngx.say("c", "d") ngx.say("e", "f") ngx.say("headers_sent_1: ", tostring(headers_sent_1)) ngx.say("headers_sent_2: ", tostring(headers_sent_2)) ngx.say("headers_sent_3: ", tostring(headers_sent_3)) ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "ngx.log test ok") ngx.exit(601) ngx.say("g", "h") '; } location ^~ /redirect { content_by_lua ' ngx.redirect("http://www.taobao.org", 301) '; } }

    测试结果:

    root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9898/" -i HTTP/1.1 602 Server: Tengine/2.2.0 Date: Mon, 19 Oct 2015 16:10:42 GMT Content-Type: text/html Transfer-Encoding: chunked Connection: keep-alive X-Cache: HIT Y-Cache: MISS Z-Cache: AA Z-Cache: BB abcd ef headers_sent_1: false headers_sent_2: false headers_sent_3: true root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9898/redirect" -i HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently Server: Tengine/2.2.0 Date: Mon, 19 Oct 2015 16:18:16 GMT Content-Type: text/html Content-Length: 284 Connection: keep-alive Location: http://www.taobao.org <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN"> <html> <head><title>301 Moved Permanently</title></head> <body bgcolor="white"> <h1>301 Moved Permanently</h1> <p>The requested resource has been assigned a new permanent URI.</p> <hr/>Powered by Tengine/2.2.0</body> </html> root@j9 ~# ngx.var读取nginx变量,如nginx变量为$a,则在Lua中通过ngx.var.a获取,也可以给nginx变量赋值如ngx.var.a = "aa",前提是该变量在nginx中必须存在,不能在Lua中创建nginx变量。另外,对于nginx location中使用正则捕获的捕获组可以使用ngx.var[捕获组数字]获取。

    例子

    server { listen 9898; location ~ /var/([^/]*)/([^/]*) { default_type "text/html"; set $a "aaa"; set $b $host; content_by_lua ' ngx.say("$a: ", ngx.var.a) ngx.say("$b: ", ngx.var.b) ngx.say("$host: ", ngx.var.host) ngx.say("$arg_id: ", ngx.var.arg_id) ngx.say("$1: ", ngx.var[1]) ngx.say("$2: ", ngx.var[2]) '; } }

    测试结果:

    root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9898/var/aaaa/bbbb?id=22" -H "Host: www.taobao.org" $a: aaa $b: www.taobao.org $host: www.taobao.org $arg_id: 22 $1: aaaa $2: bbbb root@j9 ~#

    ngx.req.raw_header

    未解析的请求头字符串; 例如:ngx.req.raw_header()

    ngx.req.get_headers

    获取请求头,默认只获取前100个头部,如果想要获取所有头部可以调用ngx.req.get_headers(0);获取带中划线的请求头时要把中划线转换成下划线使用如headers.user_agent这种方式;如果一个请求头有多个值,则返回的是table; 例如:ngx.req.get_headers()

    ngx.req.get_uri_args

    获取url请求参数,其用法与ngx.req.get_headers类似;

    ngx.req.get_post_args

    获取post请求body参数,其用法与ngx.req.get_uri_args类似,但必须提前调用ngx.req.read_body();

    ngx.req.read_body

    如果要获取请求的body,则需要调用ngx.req.read_body(),否则获取不到body数据,(ps:也可以在nginx配置文件中加入指令lua_need_request_body on;来开启读取body,但官方不推荐)

    ngx.req.discard_body

    忽略请求的body 注意,如果处理一个包含body的请求且需要ngx.exit时,需要调用此函数来忽略body,否则nginx可能将body当成header来解析,从而导致400错误;

    ngx.req.get_body_data

    获取请求body数据

    例子

    location ^~ /req { content_by_lua ' ngx.say("===========ngx.req.raw_header=") ngx.say(ngx.req.raw_header()) local headers = ngx.req.get_headers() ngx.say("===========headers============") ngx.say("Host: ", headers["Host"]) ngx.say("user-agent: ", headers.user_agent) ngx.say("===========all headers========") for k,v in pairs(headers) do if type(v) == "table" then ngx.say(k, ": ", table.concat(v, ",")) else ngx.say(k, ": ", v) end end ngx.say("===========args===============") local args = ngx.req.get_uri_args() for k,v in pairs(args) do ngx.say(k, ": ", v) end ngx.say("===========body===============") ngx.say("body data: ", ngx.req.get_body_data()) ngx.req.read_body() local post_args = ngx.req.get_post_args() for k,v in pairs(post_args) do ngx.say(k, ": ", v) end ngx.say("body data: ", ngx.req.get_body_data()) '; }

    测试结果:

    root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9898/req?a=11&b=22&c=33" --data "d=11&e=22&f=33" ===========ngx.req.raw_header= POST /req?a=11&b=22&c=33 HTTP/1.1 User-Agent: curl/7.22.0 (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.22.0 OpenSSL/1.0.1 zlib/1.2.3.4 libidn/1.23 librtmp/2.3 Host: 127.0.0.1:9898 Accept: */* Content-Length: 14 Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded ===========headers============ Host: 127.0.0.1:9898 user-agent: curl/7.22.0 (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.22.0 OpenSSL/1.0.1 zlib/1.2.3.4 libidn/1.23 librtmp/2.3 ===========all headers======== host: 127.0.0.1:9898 content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded accept: */* content-length: 14 user-agent: curl/7.22.0 (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.22.0 OpenSSL/1.0.1 zlib/1.2.3.4 libidn/1.23 librtmp/2.3 ===========args=============== b: 22 a: 11 c: 33 ===========body=============== body data: nil d: 11 f: 33 e: 22 body data: d=11&e=22&f=33 root@j9 ~#

    ngx.escape_uri/ngx.unescape_uri

    uri编码解码

    ngx.encode_args/ngx.decode_args

    参数编码解码

    ngx.encode_base64/ngx.decode_base64

    BASE64编码解码

    ngx.md5

    md5加密

    例子

    location ^~ /code { content_by_lua ' local request_uri = ngx.var.request_uri local args = {a=11, b=22} ngx.say("request uri: ", request_uri) ngx.say("unescape request uri: ", ngx.unescape_uri(request_uri)) ngx.say("encode args: ", ngx.encode_args(args)) ngx.say("encode base64 request uri: ", ngx.encode_base64(request_uri)) ngx.say("md5(123456): ", ngx.md5("123456")) '; }

    测试结果:

    root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9898/code?name=金九" request uri: /code?name=金九 unescape request uri: /code?name=金九 encode args: a=11&b=22 encode base64 request uri: L2NvZGU/bmFtZT0lRTklODclOTElRTQlQjklOUQ= md5(123456): e10adc3949ba59abbe56e057f20f883e root@j9 ~#

    ngx.shared.DICT

    共享内存接口,其中DICT为共享内存zone名称,在nginx.conf中通过指令lua_shared_dict配置,而且lua_shared_dict指令配置的共享内存大小最小值为8k。

    例子

    lua_shared_dict cc_shared_data 16k; server { listen 9999; default_type "text/html"; location ^~ /shared_data { content_by_lua ' local shared_data = ngx.shared.cc_shared_data local i = shared_data:get("i") if not i then shared_data:set("i", 1) end i = shared_data:incr("i", 1) ngx.say("i: ", i) '; } }

    测试结果

    root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9999/shared_data" i: 2 root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9999/shared_data" i: 3 root@j9 ~#

    ngx.shared.DICT详细说明:http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT

    4.2.2、指令

    指令阶段范围说明init_by_lua/init_by_lua_fileloading-confighttpnginx master进程加载配置时执行;通常用于初始化全局配置/预加载Lua模块init_worker_by_lua/init_worker_by_lua_filestarting-workerhttp每个nginx worker进程启动时调用的计时器,如果master进程不允许则只会在init_by_lua之后调用;通常用于定时拉取配置/数据,或者后端服务的健康检查set_by_lua/set_by_lua_filerewriteserver,server if,location,location if设置nginx变量,可以实现复杂的赋值逻辑;此处是阻塞的,Lua代码要做到非常快rewrite_by_lua/rewrite_by_lua_filerewrite tailhttp,server,location,location if rewrite阶段处理,可以实现复杂的转发/重定向逻辑access_by_lua/access_by_lua_fileaccess tailhttp,server,location,location if请求访问阶段处理,用于访问控制content_by_lua/content_by_lua_filecontentlocation,location if内容处理器,接收请求处理并输出响应header_filter_by_lua/header_filter_by_lua_fileoutput-header-filterhttp,server,location,location if设置header和cookiebody_filter_by_lua/body_filter_by_lua_fileoutput-body-filterhttp,server,location,location if对响应数据进行过滤,比如截断、替换log_by_lua/log_by_lua_fileloghttp,server,location,location if log阶段处理,比如记录访问量/统计平均响应时间

    更详细的解释请参考官网:http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#Directives

    init_by_lua

    每次nginx重新加载配置时执行,可以用它来完成一些耗时模块的加载,或者初始化一些全局配置;

    例子:

    init_by_lua ' cjson = require("cjson") ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "init_by_lua ok") '; server { listen 9292; default_type "text/html"; location / { content_by_lua ' local arg_json = cjson.decode(ngx.var.arg_json) ngx.say("aa: ", arg_json.aa) '; } }

    测试结果:

    root@j9 ~# curl 'http://127.0.0.1:9292/?json=\{"aa":111,"bbb":222\}' aa: 111 root@j9 ~#

    init_worker_by_lua

    每个worker启动之后初始化时执行,通常用于每个worker都要做的工作,比如启动定时任务

    例子:

    worker_processes 2; http { #这里省略了其他配置 init_worker_by_lua ' ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "test init_worker_by_lua") -- TODO: 启动定时任务 '; }

    grep一下error.log,会发现两条包含"test init_worker_by_lua"关键字的log,说明每个worker都会执行这个Lua代码。

    set_by_lua

    语法:set_by_lua resluascriptstr

    arg1 $arg2...; 在Lua代码中可以实现所有复杂的逻辑,但是要执行速度很快,不要阻塞;需要注意的是,这个指令需要加入模块ngx_devel_kit,否则不支持这个指令。

    这个指令的Lua代码中不支持以下API:1、输出(ngx.say、ngx.send_headers……)2、控制(ngx.exit……)3、子请求(ngx.location.capture、ngx.location.capture_multi……)4、cosocket(ngx.socket.tcp、ngx.req.socket……)5、ngx.sleep

    例子:

    server { listen 9393; default_type "text/html"; location /add { set $diff ''; set $double_c ''; set_by_lua $sum ' local a = ngx.var.arg_a local b = ngx.var.arg_b ngx.var.diff = a - b ngx.var.double_c = 2 * tonumber(ngx.arg[1]) return a + b; ' $arg_c; return 200 "a + b = $sum, a - b = $diff, 2 * c = $double_c"; } }

    测试结果:

    root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9393/add?a=11&b=22&c=88" a + b = 33, a - b = -11, 2 * c = 176 root@j9 ~#

    rewrite_by_lua

    执行内部URL重写或者外部重定向(301或者302),典型的如伪静态化的URL重写。其默认执行在rewrite处理阶段的最后。

    需要注意的是:1、在长连接中如果调用了ngx.exit(200)一个请求,则需要调用ngx.req.discard_body(),否则nginx可能会把当前请求的body当成header解析,从而导致400错误返回码并且长连接被关闭。2、如果该阶段调用了ngx.exit(ngx.OK),content_by_lua阶段仍然能得到执行。

    例子:

    server { listen 9494; default_type "text/html"; location /rewrite_by_lua { set $a 11; rewrite_by_lua ' ngx.var.a = "aa" if ngx.var.arg_exit == "ok" then ngx.exit(ngx.OK) else ngx.exit(200) end '; content_by_lua ' ngx.say("a: ", ngx.var.a) '; } }

    测试结果

    root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9494/rewrite_by_lua?exit=ok" a: aa root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9494/rewrite_by_lua?exit=200" root@j9 ~# access_by_lua

    用于访问控制,比如IP黑白名单限制、鉴权。

    例子:

    server { listen 9595; default_type "text/html"; location / { access_by_lua ' local auth = ngx.var.arg_auth; local key = "alicdnj9"; if ngx.md5(key) ~= auth then return ngx.exit(403) end '; content_by_lua ' ngx.say("access ok") '; } }

    测试结果:

    root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9595/?auth=xx" <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN"> <html> <head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head> <body bgcolor="white"> <h1>403 Forbidden</h1> <p>You don't have permission to access the URL on this server. Sorry for the inconvenience.<br/> Please report this message and include the following information to us.<br/> Thank you very much!</p> <table> <tr> <td>URL:</td> <td>http://127.0.0.1:9595/?auth=xx</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Server:</td> <td>j9</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Date:</td> <td>2015/10/27 16:47:20</td> </tr> </table> <hr/>Powered by Tengine/2.2.0</body> </html> root@j9 ~# echo -n alicdnj9 | md5sum 50652c84270d22210593318f5d3016a1 - root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9595/?auth=50652c84270d22210593318f5d3016a1" access ok root@j9 ~#

    注意,如果在access_by_lua中调用ngx.exit(ngx.OK),content阶段仍然能得到执行。

    content_by_lua

    content阶段,注意在同一个Location中不要和其他content阶段指令一起使用,比如proxy_pass。例子:略

    header_filter_by_lua和body_filter_by_lua

    分别为header_filter阶段和body_filter阶段,其中body_filter可能会被执行多次。

    不支持以下API:

    输出 (ngx.say、ngx.send_headers)控制 (ngx.exit、ngx.exec)子请求 (ngx.location.capture、ngx.location.capture_multi)Cosocket (ngx.socket.tcp、ngx.req.socket).

    比如对后端chunked长度做限制:

    server { listen 9696; default_type "text/html"; set $content_len 0; location / { header_filter_by_lua ' -- 先去掉Content-Length头部,转成Chunked传输 ngx.header.content_length = nil '; body_filter_by_lua ' local content_length = #ngx.arg[1] content_length = ngx.var.content_len + content_length ngx.var.content_len = content_length -- 最多只能传输10字节的body,否则直接关掉连接 if content_length > 10 then return ngx.ERROR end '; content_by_lua ' for i=1, ngx.var.arg_len do ngx.print("a") end '; } }

    测试结果

    root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9696/?len=10" -i HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Tengine/2.2.0 Date: Mon, 26 Oct 2015 01:48:23 GMT Content-Type: text/html Transfer-Encoding: chunked Connection: keep-alive aaaaaaaaaa root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9696/?len=11" -i curl: (52) Empty reply from server root@j9 ~#

    可以看出当参数len为11时,服务器就直接不返回数据了。

    4.3、深入

    1、content_by_lua中的代码一定要注意单引号或者双引号,一般用法是外单内双,或者外双内单。

    2、在nginx_lua中值为nil的变量不能与字符串或者数字相加,否则nginx会报500错误。

    3、lua调试: ngx.log(ngx.ERR,xx)。(tail -f logs/error.log)

    4、*_by_lua_file指令指定的文件支持绝对路径和相对路径,其中相对路径是相对nginx工作目录。

    5、lua文件的require函数指定的lua模块路径查找顺序,可以从出错信息中看出来:

    no file '/opt/libs/lua/a.lua' no file './a.lua' no file '/usr/local/luajit/share/luajit-2.0.4/a.lua' no file '/usr/local/share/lua/5.1/a.lua' no file '/usr/local/share/lua/5.1/a/init.lua' no file '/usr/local/luajit/share/lua/5.1/a.lua' no file '/usr/local/luajit/share/lua/5.1/a/init.lua' no file './a.so' no file '/usr/local/lib/lua/5.1/a.so' no file '/usr/local/luajit/lib/lua/5.1/a.so' no file '/usr/local/lib/lua/5.1/loadall.so'

    其中,第一个/opt/libs/lua/a.lua为lua_package_path指定的路径:lua_package_path '/opt/libs/lua/?.lua;;';第二个./a.lua为相对路径,相对于nginx.conf配置文件,而非包含它的lua文件。so模块查找顺序类似,但是先查找.lua再查找.so,查找.so时先在lua_package_cpah指定的路径查找:lua_package_cpath '/opt/libs/lua_shared/?.so;;';可以从出错信息中看出来:

    no field package.preload['a'] no file '/opt/libs/lua/a.lua' no file './a.lua' no file '/usr/local/luajit/share/luajit-2.0.4/a.lua' no file '/usr/local/share/lua/5.1/a.lua' no file '/usr/local/share/lua/5.1/a/init.lua' no file '/usr/local/luajit/share/lua/5.1/a.lua' no file '/usr/local/luajit/share/lua/5.1/a/init.lua' no file '/opt/libs/lua_shared/a.so' no file './a.so' no file '/usr/local/lib/lua/5.1/a.so' no file '/usr/local/luajit/lib/lua/5.1/a.so' no file '/usr/local/lib/lua/5.1/loadall.so'

    6、lua代码一定要健壮,否则不管lua产生什么错,nginx都会返回500错误,这时可以从error.log中查看错误信息来定位。

    7、编写lua代码时最好用local局部变量,不要用全局变量。

    8、实现worker级别的全局变量:

    server { listen 9797; default_type "text/html"; location / { content_by_lua ' local a = 1 local b = {b = 1} local status = require("status") ngx.say("a: ", a, ", b: ", b.b, " counter: ", status.counter) a = a + 1 b.b = b.b + 1 status.counter = (status.counter or 0) + 1 '; } }

    其中status.lua为:

    local m = {} m.counter = 1 return m

    测试结果:

    root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9797/" a: 1, b: 1 counter: 1 root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9797/" a: 1, b: 1 counter: 2 root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9797/" a: 1, b: 1 counter: 3 root@j9 ~#

    可以看出status.counter的值一直是累加的,这是因为require一个模块只load第一次,后续require该模块都会先看全局表中是否已经load过,load过则就不需要再load了,所以status.counter累加其实是累加m.counter。

    9、定时任务

    API: ok, err = ngx.timer.at(delay, callback, user_arg1, user_arg2, ...)例子:

    local delay = 5 local handler handler = function (premature) -- do some routine job in Lua just like a cron job if premature then return end local ok, err = ngx.timer.at(delay, handler) if not ok then ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "failed to create the timer: ", err) return end end local ok, err = ngx.timer.at(delay, handler) if not ok then ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "failed to create the timer: ", err) return end

    注意:在timer处理函数的上下文中不能调用ngx.var.、ngx.req.、子请求API、输出API,因为这些API只能在请求上下文中生效。

    10、子请求

    API:res = ngx.location.capture(uri, options?)

    上下文:rewrite_by_lua, access_by_lua, content_by_lua*

    例子:正向代理,当源站返回301或者302时代理客户端跳转

    server { listen 8181; default_type "text/html"; location /test { content_by_lua ' local res = ngx.location.capture("/get" .. ngx.var.request_uri, { method = ngx.HTTP_HEAD }) if res.status == 200 then ngx.exec("/get" .. ngx.var.request_uri) elseif res.status == 301 or res.status == 302 then location = res.header["Location"] local m, err = ngx.re.match(location, "http://([^/]+)(/.*)") if not m then ngx.exit(500) end host = m[1] uri = m[2] ngx.exec("/redirect/" .. host .. "/" .. ngx.var.request_uri) else ngx.exit(res.status) end '; } location ~ /redirect/([^/]*)/([^/]*) { proxy_pass http://$1/$2?$args; } location /get { if ($arg_tag = "1") { return 302 "http://127.0.0.1:8282/$request_uri"; } return 200 "ok"; } } server { listen 8282; default_type "text/html"; location / { return 200 "redirect ok, args: $args"; } }

    测试结果:

    root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:8181/test?tag=0" -i HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Tengine/2.2.0 Date: Mon, 26 Oct 2015 15:17:10 GMT Content-Type: text/html Content-Length: 2 Connection: keep-alive ok root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:8181/test?tag=1" -i HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Tengine/2.2.0 Date: Mon, 26 Oct 2015 15:17:14 GMT Content-Type: text/html Content-Length: 19 Connection: keep-alive redirect ok, args: tag=1 root@j9 ~#

    可见,当传tag为1时,返回的值就是想要的值,不需要再302重定向了。

    注意,子请求只能请求本server的非@location。另外一个需要注意的是,发起子请求之前修改的变量在子请求的location中是获取不到的,这是因为变量的上下文是在请求结构体r中,而子请求是挂在主请求下面,是两个不同的请求。实验:

    server { listen 8383; default_type "text/html"; set $cc "cc"; location /test { content_by_lua ' ngx.var.cc = "11" local res = ngx.location.capture("/get" .. ngx.var.request_uri) if res.status == 200 then ngx.say(res.body) ngx.say("test cc: ", ngx.var.cc) else ngx.exit(res.status) end '; } location /get { content_by_lua ' ngx.say("get cc: ", ngx.var.cc) ngx.var.cc = "22" '; } }

    结果:

    root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:8383/test" get cc: cc test cc: 11 root@j9 ~#

    11、location @xx

    server { listen 8484; default_type "text/html"; set $cc "2"; location / { content_by_lua ' ngx.var.cc = "5"; if ngx.var.arg_location == "at" then ngx.exec("@cc") else ngx.exec("/cc") end '; } location @cc { return 200 "this is @cc location, cc: $cc"; } location /cc { return 200 "this is /cc location, cc: $cc"; } }

    测试结果:

    root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:8484/?location=at" this is @cc location, cc: 5 root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:8484/" this is /cc location, cc: 2 root@j9 ~#

    在ngx.exec跳转之前已经把变量cc的值改成5了,但可以看出这两种跳转方式变量cc的值不一样,这是因为ngx.exec跳转到@cc这个location时,从location rewrite阶段开始执行,而跳转到/cc这个location时是从server rewrite阶段开始执行,而set指令是在server块,就是在这个阶段得到执行的,所以$cc又被赋值成2了。

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