passage106 3:32min
passage107 3:21min
passage108 3:05min
passage109 9:13min
According to Hill and Spicer, the term “nation-state” is a misnomer, since the ideal model of a monolingual, culturally homogeneous state has never existed, not even among Europeans, who invented the nation-state concept and introduced it to the rest of the world. Modern European states, they argue, emerged after the Renaissance through the rise of nations (i.e., specific ethnic groups) to positions of political and economic dominance over a number of other ethnic groups within the bounded political territories. The term “nation-state”, Hill and Spicer argue, obscures the internal cultural and linguistic diversity of states that could more accurately be called “conquest states.” The resurgence of multiple ethnic groups within a single state, Hill says, is not “potentially threating to the sovereign jurisdiction of the state（summarize a claim about one possible effect of asserting cultural differences within a state）（即使是负评价也能这样说）(introduce a discussion of the legal ramifications of expanding(并没有) the nation-state concept),” as Urban and Sherzer suggest; rather, the assertion of cultural differences threatens to reveal ethnocentric beliefs and practices upon which conquest states were historically founded and thus to open up the possibility for a “nations-state” in which conquered ethnic groups enjoy equal rights with the conquering ethnic group but do not face the threat of persecution or cultural assimilation into the dominant ethnic group
justify the continued use of an established term for an evolving form of political organization使之合理
discuss issues relating to a form of political organization by raising doubts about the terminology used to refer to it
事实上主要还是讲的Modern European states
passage110 4:36min
passage111 4:13min
suggest that Austen’s novels were more reflective of their historical context than Mackenzie’s had been
这种选项叫做虚假对比
比较的多数是凑选项
其实，都是各自反应相应的时代
Yet Frantz notes another revolution, rarely mentioned in Austen scholarship: the Great Masculine Renunciation that altered conventions in men’s dress and behavior. During the later eighteenth century, wealthy gentlemen exchanged the velvets and satins long in fashion for somber woolen suits. Frantz contends that this change reflected deeper cultural changes. The value once placed on men’s expressiveness, reflected in Mackenzie’s novel The Man of Feeling (1771), gave way to a preference for emotional restraint.( corroborate a claim that a convention of masculine behavior changed during Austen’s lifetime) In Austen’s novels, the heroine often struggles to glimpse the true nature of hero beneath his reserved exterior.
Masculine就理解为male
问作用的，就看看上下文在干嘛，文章在干嘛
passage112 5:10min
就最后一句有用，快速读有利于整体感觉，毕竟gre 不能跳读
先总结一下问题，能够大致知道什么样的信息，扫一下就够
passage113 3:31min
passage114 12:59min
later reopened and used once more as munitions plants
Many scholars have argued that government investment in manufacturing in the southern United States during the Second World War spurred a regional economic boom that lasted into the postwar period. But much of this investment went to specialized plants, many of them unsuitable for postwar production.
其实是challenge a widely held position
propose an alternative explanation
这里要体现出反对的感觉
passage115 6:19min
Although the passenger pigeons, now extinct, were abundant in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century America, archaeological studies at twelfth-century Cahokian sites in the present day United States examined household food trash and found that traces of passenger pigeon were quite rare. Given that the sites were close to a huge passenger pigeon roost documented by John James Audubon in the nineteenth century and that Cahokians consumed almost every other animal protein source available, the archaeologists conducting the studies concluded the passenger pigeon population had once been very limited before increasing dramatically in post-Columbian America. Other archaeologists have criticized those conclusions on the grounds that passenger pigeon bones would not be likely to be preserved. But all the archaeological projects found plenty of bird bones and even tiny bones from fish.
注意这里给的原因，19世纪这个site close to一个roost这里说多
之后又说Cahokians几乎耗尽了..
这里他们的结论是之前少
这里找到他因是它们换地方了
Passenger pigeons tended not to roost at the same sites for very many generations
Audubon made his observations before passenger pigeon populations began to decline.这个说法应该A得到的结论是多
passage116 3:47min
passage117 5:48min
Many researchers attribute the large number of physiological and behavioral similarities between birds and mammals, which have separate evolutionary histories, to endothermy (a thermoregulatory strategy whereby warm body temperature is maintained through internal heat sources). However, Farmer argues that parental care rather than endothermy is the key to understanding the similarities between mammals and birds. According to Farmer, while endothermy provides an explanation for a few similarities, such as the presence of body insulation（Body insulation）（这里 说明不能略读）, endothermy is just one characteristic among many related to parental care. The two purported advantages of endothermy that have been most frequently cited by researchers are an expanded range of inhabitable environments and the ability to sustain vigorous exercise.（注意这里虽然提到了两点，但是随后就提到有一个是untenable）But metabolism has to increase substantially (at great energy cost) therefore conferring any significant thermoregulatory advantage in terms of the former, and there is no causal biological linkage to explain why endothermy would be essential to sustain exercise. Farmer argues instead that endothermy evolved as a means to control incubation temperature and that the ability to sustain exercise evolved separately, as a means to improve a parent’s ability to forage and provision its young.
注意就第一句讲了背景，However
首先表明Farmer观点，之后说endothermy的问题
最后提出解释自己观点为什么对
A position is noted, an alternative to that position is introduced, and then several points in support of the alternative are discussed.
注意类似诚然的也是为了证实自己
A debate is outlined, contrasting viewpoints within the debate are discussed, and then one viewpoint is demonstrated to be correct.
这种说法应该是
A argues .. B argues .. 然后再有一个来分析
The ability to sustain exercise这是反驳观点
passage118 3:04min
passage119 5:22min
passage120 5:00min
The passage suggests that one factor that has made it difficult to account for the temperatures once reached by asteroids is
a misconception about asteroids’ density
a mistaken assumption about what the heat source of the asteroids was
The finding that there were rock-melting temperatures on asteroids for sustained periods is puzzling: asteroids’ heat source is unknown, and unlike planet-sized bodies, such small bodies quickly dissipate heat. Rubin suggests that asteroids’ heat could have derived from collisions between asteroids. Skeptics have argued that a single impact would raise an asteroid’s overall temperature very little and that asteroids would cool too quickly between impacts to accumulate much heat.
注意Skeptics这些人怀疑的点在于第二点，他们是不确定第一点的
passage121 4:01min
passage122 5:32min
passage123 9:03min
The nutrient supply at the surface of the ocean is replenished
because it allows the cooled upper layers of the ocean to sink, and then the circulating water carries nutrients upward from the depths below.
Marine algae make more efficient use of nutrients.
passage124 4:41min
passage125 4:13min
While few people doubt（所以就几乎都这样认为的） that captive cetaceans are adept at imitation or that they reproduce behaviors taught by researchers, biologists seeking insight into cetaceans’ behavior in their natural habitats must rely on deduction rather than experiments. If members of a particular group share behaviors that do not result from genetic inheritance or environmental variation, then they have almost certainly learned them by watching, following, or listening to other animals.
They exhibit tendencies that suggest a capacity for the kind of behavior that qualifies as cultural.
They exhibit few behaviors that have not also been observed in cetaceans in their natural habitats.
这个选项其实就是说它和别的都一样了
passage126 7:07min
Hotter and more massive than the Sun, stars called “stragglers” are puzzling to astronomers because such rapidly burning stars would not be expected to persist in ancient star clusters. Some researchers believe that the typical blue stragglers formed when two ancient, lower-mass stars collide and merge form more massive, hotter star. Peter Leonard theorizes alternatively that in low density globular clusters, where mergers between single stars occur too infrequently to account for the observed quantity of blue stragglers, these stragglers are created instead by a group of stars.
They generally originate from the oldest stars among those found in ancient star clusters.这里有点过分了
They are burning more rapidly than other types of stars observed in ancient star clusters.
passage127 5:00min
Most seismologists assume that following a major earthquake and its aftershocks, the fault (a break in Earth’s crust where pressure can trigger an earthquake) will remain quiet until stresses have time to rebuild, typically over hundreds or thousands of years Recent evidence of subtle interactions between earthquakes may overturn this assumption, however. According to the stress-triggering hypothesis, faults are unexpectedly responsive to subtle stresses they acquire as neighboring faults shift. Rather than simply dissipating, stress relieved during an earthquake travels along the fault, concentrating in sites nearby; even the smallest additional stresses may then trigger another quake(Earthquakes are caused by stresses building up in faults within Earth’s crust) along the fault or on a nearby fault. Although scientists have long viewed such subtle interactions as nonexistent, the hypothesis has explained the location and frequency of earthquakes following several destructive quakes in California, Japan, and Turkey.
应该说还有周围的扰动
A fault that has resulted in a major earthquake becomes quiet for a long period这里就是相互的作用，让这一点不成立
The passage suggests that most seismologists believe which of the following about fault stresses?
They are dissipated when they result in an earthquake
第二个观点是Rather than simply dissipating 这是就是说的its aftershocks
They are transferred between neighboring faults这个是之后的观点
They will not cause a major earthquake along the same fault in the space of a few years
要分清他要那方观点
passage128 6:57min
MacArthur and Wilson suggested that the biodiversity of an island will vary in direct proportion to a function of the island’s size (i.e., larger islands can support a greater number of species) and in inverse proportion to a function of its distance from the mainland (i.e., many remote islands will tend to support fewer species). Reduced biodiversity in an island context is likely to require significant adaptation on the part of colonizing human populations. Evans argues that this limitation makes islands ideal laboratories for the study of human adaptations to the natural environment, whilst Renfrew and Wagstaff, in the introduction to their study of Melos, focus on this limitation in biodiversity as a “significant characteristic of the island ecosystem.” For human communities, however, this limitation may potentially be offset by other factors.(这是下面的重点)（downplays the ways that human communities adapt to island biodiversity）（其实这样看就不需要这么多的adapt）（一开始Evans是觉得terrestrial resources太少而不得不adapt）The reduced biodiversity of an island ecosystem applies only to terrestrial resources: the resources of the sea will be as rich as on any other coastal area, and may be equally important to human communities. A small island such as Malta or Melos allows all communities direct access to the sea, providing an important nutritional “safety net,” as well as an element of dietary diversity, which may actually give island communities an advantage over their landlocked counterparts. Islands may also have specific nonbiological resources (such as obsidian on Melos), which may be used in exchange with communities on other islands and adjacent mainlands.
总体就是从人的角度 来理解bio
passage129 3:21min
A critical consensus has emerged that Mary McCarthy will be remembered primarily as an essayist rather than as a novelist. But despite her formidable gifts as a polemical and discursive（analytical）（有点感情色彩） writer, and for all her reputation as an intellectual who sacrificed feeling to intelligence, what powers McCarthy’s best essays are her fictional rather than strictly intellectual gifts. She makes her points by telling stories or by way of vivid description, arresting images and subtle characterization. And for all her exacting sense of fact（Careful attention to factual accuracy）, McCarthy’s greatest contribution was to blur the distinctions between different kinds of prose writing: to show how fiction could be opened up to the thinking mind and how essays could profit from the techniques of fiction.
passage130 6:23min
had its oldest habitation sites inundated following a postglacial rise in sea level.凑选项的
was colonized less than 25,000 years ago
