[Xinyu Zhang] Perspectives on Research Productivity 做科研的一些经验

    xiaoxiao2022-07-07  202

    毕业之后这两天没什么事,Ph.D老板群里前两天发了一个关于Xinyu Zhang老师在Acsic People上的一个讲座链接。Xinyu Zhang是我们领域有目共睹的专家,去年老板请他来给talk,有幸负责接待工作并与张老师当面聊了聊。这个视频对于PhD学生/PostDoc和AP都很有帮助,包括如何取定义、解决一个问题,如何写paper和Proposal,如何带学生等。 把自己的笔记发出来与大家分享,希望也可以与大家多多交流。也祝自己Ph.D科研之路顺利!

    视频地址:[Speaker #15] Perspectives on Research Productivity Xinyu Zhang

    目录

    Formulating research ideasIdentify important problemsDiscover novel problems/solutionsInnovation: dentifying hidden associationCaveat: exploration vs. exploitation Executing an ideaDeterminationCourageRapid iterationInteract with others Writing a paper or proposalPractice writing paperFrom paper to proposal Mentoring StudentPreparing students for innocationkeep them motivatedTo each his ownPace, not pushDon't rely entirely on students Summary

    Formulating research ideas

    Identify important problems

    以问题为导向!解决方法先不用管。好问题的标准 一两句话内就可以表述清楚(elevator pitch,电梯30秒游说)可以改变人们的认识或者成见做出的来别人会觉得很重要 在问题和方法间快速迭代 好的科研问题是可解但不失重要性的

    我不知道那个优化目标更重要,这取决于哪一个是可解的。 ——李葆春

    Discover novel problems/solutions

    像新手一样思考:保持好奇心,保持激情与勇气

    我做了二十五年的研究,发现最优价值的东西就是我应该始终像我23岁那样去思考问题。 ——Avinash Dixit,普林斯顿经济学家

    避免专家思维:这个不是已经被做过了吗?这个不是已经用在哪里了吗?新颖≠没有做过的

    no scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer. —— Stephen Stigler,芝加哥大学统计学家

    新颖需要大量的探索和执行力

    大部分创造都是在模仿的基础上增加其附加价值的东西…最初的想法的确是相同的,但在此基础之上添加东西、使之升华的水平高低才是决定胜负的关键。 纵观科学技术史,哪项成就不是以前就有人想到过的?只不过是当时那个人或是没有实现它的能力,或是没有坚持到最后,在研究的道路上半途而废而已… ——金出武雄《像外行一样思考,像专家一样实践》

    CMU机器人学院前院长

    系统类研究的创新 两条原则重要或众所周知的原理,我们第一个实现反思并重新设计系统系统的工作在于细节,别人会在读你的论文时得到启发,得到成功的经验和失败的教训,这就是系统工作的价值

    Innovation: dentifying hidden association

    创新是找到不同idea之间的联系

    Creativity is just connecting things. When you ask creative people how they did something, they feel a little guilty because they didn’t really do it, they just saw something. It seemed obvious to them after a while. That’s because they were able to connect experiences they’ve had and synthesize new things. -Steve Jobs

    存储大量的idea,他们会不自觉地产生化学反应。我们的想象力就是把脑子中已经有的知识应用到不同的场景中。

    The creative mind has a vast attic. That homework problem you did in college, that intriguing but seemingly pointless paper you spent a week deciphering as a postdoc, that offhand remark of a colleague, all are stored in hope chests somewhere up in a creative person’s brain, often to be picked through and applied by the subconscious at the most unexpected moments. There is nothing we imagine which we do not already know. And our ability to imagine is our ability to remember what we have already once experienced and to apply it to some different situation. —— Feynman’s Rainbow. by Leonard Mlodinow, Written 2003 Richard Feynman,理查德·费曼,物理学家,纳米科技之父

    学习大量的paper,并不是简单的“读”,要把idea压缩放到大脑里不仅要深,而且要广——创新往往是来自于领域的交叉在大量的实验中亲身地获得问题的体验与直觉

    Caveat: exploration vs. exploitation

    可能很多idea都是经过几年的时间,不间断的积累和思考,加上自己动手的基础与感受,在一瞬间思考通的。时间太长?选择自己擅长的领域:知道可不可以做同时以此为基础开拓别的领域科研广度:每年学一个领域的skill set:如机器学习、图像处理、通信原理等。便于找到解决方法。

    Executing an idea

    Determination

    与学生一起创新的关键,是要有正确的判断和足够的决心,而且在学生打退堂鼓时绝不给退路…所以,因为想法比较清楚,我在推进这件事情上没有任何犹豫,也不允许学生找任何借口放慢其进度。因为我知道我们能想出来的这些想法,其他人也随时有可能会领悟到,关键在于谁能有更清晰的想法和贯彻的决心。 ——王鸿飞(复旦大学化学系教授)《如何与学生一起创新》

    Courage

    I talk to myself and convince myself that this problem is tractable by my methods and the other guys are not doing it right. The reason they haven’t gotten it is that they aren’t doing it right. And I’m going to do it a different way. I talk myself into this, and I get myself enthusiastic. The reason is, when there is a hard problem, one has to work a long time and has to be persistent. In order to be persistent, you have got to be convinced that it’s worthwhile working so hard, that you’re going to get somewhere. And that takes a certain kind of fooling yourself. —— Feynman’s Rainbow

    Rapid iteration

    不可以要一次就完美,要首先做出原型,边做边想,以做带想。抢占先机。idea → Prototype core → measure → refinecore: feasibility避免盲目工作造成的人力物力浪费

    Interact with others

    通过交流理清自己的思路无用的专家式反馈:抽象,看不到细节 这个不就是某某人做的吗?这个方法不就是某某里面的吗?重点:这个问题到底值不值得做。

    Writing a paper or proposal

    Practice writing paper

    模仿顶会经典论文 不要在写作上创新:论文是写给别人看的 大量的联系 Academic writing books: “Style - Towards Clarity and Grace”“10 Leessons in Clarity and Grace” 学习好的单词、短语、句子

    From paper to proposal

    Proposal有不同的style需要说明有研究基础与前期准备传递出你的激情与Senior的老师合作学习

    Mentoring Student

    Preparing students for innocation

    Requirement: 要有一个杀手锏(Killer skill)的技能,也要有全面无死角的能力每年都要进步 第一年:手把手(Hands on training)。给一个idea,或者做了一半的工作,或者加入另一个项目。第二年:一起打磨idea第三年:自己想idea并去做 个性化培养:锻炼学生擅长的东西做idea来培养Kill skill)根据每个人的特长组队做一个大的project要阻止学生过早的“独立”

    做研究的最重要一环,是要搞清楚问题的来龙去脉,以及当初的权威们在相关问题上做过些什么努力。这一阶段上需要花的功夫特别多,需要达到的境界是要学会能够自如地模仿当初的那些权威们看待问题的方式和角度,而不是动不动就展开自己的独立思考。这样做才能真正让自己站在过去的那些巨人的肩上。在基本上能够达到这个境界的时候,研究中有真正的新的思路和想法的机会就会大大增强。 —— 王鸿飞,“少一些独立思考也许更好”

    keep them motivated

    鼓励他们保持激情高年级的学生做出榜样,行程正向循环

    To each his own

    擅长的东西来找准课题

    Pace, not push

    不需规定几点到,几点走,但保证每周的o2o meeting要有进度,提高效率投资更多的精力给努力的同学

    Don’t rely entirely on students

    并不是所有的执行力都很高效,要保证项目的正常进度推进自己也要不断学习新知识,学生不能代替你学

    Summary

    问自己:什么是重要的问题?创新往往来源于大量的记忆和它们的混合。项目能取得多大的成功,在于导师有多大的决心。项目一定要快速迭代,防止无用功。好的写作者都是在“抄袭”别人的写作风格。要让别人对你的工作有激情,让学生对他们自己的工作有激情,但也不可过度依赖学生。向他人学习:放下自己的成见与自负!

    If a big strong guy comes into a martial arts studio and someone pushes him, he wants to resist and push the guy back to prove that he is a big strong guy. The problem is that he isn’t learning anything by doing this. In order to grow, he needs to give up his current mind-set. He needs to lose to win. The bruiser will need to get pushed around by little guys for a while, until he learns how to use more than brawn. William Chen calls this investment in loss. Investment in loss is giving yourself to the learning process. In Push Hands it is letting yourself be pushed without reverting back to old habits—training yourself to be soft and receptive when your body doesn’t have any idea how to do it and wants to tighten up. -Josh Waitzkin,“The Art of Learning”,国际著名象棋大师,太极推手大师

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